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Реферат: Основные принципы диалектической и формальной логики и их содержание |
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Реферат: Основные принципы диалектической и формальной логики и их содержание
Реферат: Основные принципы диалектической и формальной логики и их содержание
21
IINEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE
AA?A?IUE OIEAA?NEOAO
EINOEOOO AAOA?EIA?IIE IAAeEOeEIU
EAOAAe?A AOIAIEOA?IUO IAOE
?AOA?AO
ia oaio: iniiaiua i?eioeeiu aeeaeaeoe/aneie e oi?iaeueiie eiaeee e eo
niaea?aeaiea
Auiieiee: anie?aio
eaoaae?u aiaoiiee
aeiiaoieo aeeaioiuo
Eaeeiianeee A.I.
I?iaa?ee_________________
Iine 1998 a.
IAEAAEAIEA:
Ii?aaeaeaiea eiaeee 3
Ec enoi?ee eiaeee 3
Eiaeea oi?iaeueiay e aeeaeaeoe/aneay 5
Iniiaiua iaoiaeieiae/aneea i?eioeeiu oi?iaeueiie eiaeee 8
Iniiaiua iaoiaeieiae/aneea i?eioeeiu aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee 10
I?iaeaiu oiaeaeanoaa eiaeee, aeeaeaeoeee e oai?ee iiciaiey a oeeinioee
Aaaaey 12
Eaiei i aaeeinoaa aeeaeaeoeee, eiaeee e oai?ee iiciaiey 16
Cia/aiea e iieueca eiaeee 19
Eeoa?aoo?a: 21
Ii?aaeaeaiea eiaeee
Aeey oiai, /oiau ii?aaeaeeoue, /oi oaeia eiaeea, iu aeieaeiu
i?aaeaa?eoaeueii auynieoue, a /ai caeeth/aaony oeaeue /aeiaa/aneiai
iiciaiey. Oeaeue iiciaiey caeeth/aaony a aeinoeaeaiee enoeiu i?e iiiiue
iuoeaiey, oeaeue iiciaiey anoue enoeia. Eiaeea aea anoue iaoea, eioi?ay
iieacuaaao, eae aeieaeii niaa?oaoueny iuoeaiea, /oiau auea aeinoeaiooa
enoeia; eaeei i?aaeeai iuoeaiey aeieaeii iiae/eiyoueny aeey oiai, /oiau
auea aeinoeaiooa enoeia. I?e iiiiue iuoeaiey eiiaaea aeinoeaaaony, a
eiiaaea ia aeinoeaaaony. Oi iuoeaiea, i?e iiiiue eioi?iai aeinoeaaaony
enoeia, aeieaeii auoue iacaaii i?aaeeueiui iuoeaieai. Oaeei ia?acii,
eiaeea iiaeao auoue ii?aaeaeaia eae iaoea i caeiiao i?aaeeueiiai
iuoeaiey, eee iaoea i caeiiao, eioi?ui iiae/eiyaony i?aaeeueiia
iuoeaiea. (A.E.*aeiaiia, 1994).
Ec enoi?ee eiaeee
Oa?iei eiaeea i?eiaieoaeueii e iaoea i iuoeaiee aia?aua aue aaaaeai
noieeaie, auaeaeeaoeie iiae yoei iacaaieai eeoue oo /anoue
aeaenoaeoaeueiiai o/anoey A?enoioaey, eioi?ay niaeaniauaaeanue n eo
nianoaaiiuie i?aaenoaaeaieyie i i?e?iaea iuoeaiey. Naii iacaaiea eiaeea
i?iecaiaeeeinue eie io a?a/aneiai oa?ieia eiain (eioi?ue aoeaaeueii
icia/aao neiai), a oeacaiiay iaoea naeeaeaeanue ii i?aaeiaoo n
a?aiiaoeeie e ?eoi?eeie. N?aaeiaaaeiaay noieanoeea, ieii/aoaeueii
ioi?ieaoay e ocaeiieaoay yoo o?aaeeoeeth, eae ?ac i?aa?aoeea eiaeeo a
i?inoie eino?oiaio (i?aaiii) aaaeaiey neiaaniuo aeeniooia, a i?oaeea
enoieeiaaiey oaenoia nayuaiiiai ienaiey, a /enoi oi?iaeueiue aiia?ao. A
?acoeueoaoa ieacaeinue aeene?aaeeoe?iaaiiui ia oieueei ioeoeeaeueiia
oieeiaaiea eiaeee, ii aeaaea e naii iacaaiea aa. Auoieiuaiiay
a?enoioaeaaneay eiaeea iiyoiio e oo?aoeea e?aaeeo a aeacao anao
auaeathueony anoanoaieniuoaoaeae e oeeinioia iiaiai a?aiaie. Ii oie aea
i?e/eia aieueoeinoai oeeinioia XVI XVIII aaeia aiiaua ecaaaaee
oiio?aaeyoue oa?iei eiaeea a ea/anoaa iaoee i iuoeaiee, ia eioaeeaeoa, i
?acoia.
I?eciaiea iai?eaiaeiinoe ioeoeeaeueiie noieanoe/anee-oi?iaeueiie
aa?nee eiaeee a ea/anoaa i?aaiiia aeaenoaeoaeueiiai iuoeaiey, ?acaeoey
iao/iiai ciaiey eaeoiioea anae ia?aaeiaie oeeinioneie iunee oiai
a?aiaie. Eiaeea, eioi?ie oaia?ue eniieuecothony , nei?aa neoaeeo
oe?aieaieth e nio?aiaieth caaeoaeaeaiee, eiathueo naia iniiaaiea, a
iauai?eiyouo iiiyoeyo, /ai iouneaieth enoeiu. Iiyoiio iia aieaa a?aaeia,
/ai iieacia, - eiinoaoe?oao O?yinen Ayeii. ?A eiaeea aa neeeiaeciu e
aieueoay /anoue ae?oaeo aa ianoaaeaiee nei?aa iiiiaoo iauynieoue ae?oaei
oi, /oi iai ecaanoii, eee aeaaea, eae a eneonnoaa Eoeeey, aanoieeiai
?annoaeaeaoue i oii, /aai ia ciaaoue, aianoi oiai, /oiau eco/aoue yoi, -
aoi?eo aio ?aiy Aeaea?o. Aeaeii Eiee iieaaaao, /oi neeeiaeci a eo/oai
neo/aa anoue eeoue eneonnoai aanoe ai?ueao i?e iiiiue oiai iaaieueoiai
ciaiey, eaeia anoue o ian, ia i?eaaaeyy e iaio ie/aai. Ia yoii iniiaaiee
Aeaea?o e Eiee n/eoaee iaiaoiaeeiui ioianoe anth i?iaeaiaoeeo i?aaeiae
eiaeee a iaeanoue ?eoi?eee. Iineieueeo aea eiaeea nio?aiyaony eae iniaay
iaoea, oi iia aaeeiiaeooii oieeoaony ia eae iaoea i iuoeaiee, a eae
iaoea i i?aaeeueiii oiio?aaeaiee neia, eiai, ciaeia. Aiaan, iai?eia?,
?acaeaaao eiioeaioeeth eiaeee eae en/eneaiey neia-ciaeia.
Ai?acaei inoi?iaeiaa iiaeoiaeyo e aeaeo ?.Aeaea?o e A.Eaeaieoe. Ei
oaeaea eiiiie?iaaea eaeay nicaeaiey anaiauae iaoaiaoeee aianoi i?aaeiae,
auniayiiie e aeene?aaeeoe?iaaiiie, eiaeee. E iie ia/oaee ia o/?aaeaeaiee
oieaa?naeueiiai ycuea, nenoaiu oa?ieiia, ii?aaeaeaiiuo no?iai e
iaeiicia/ii, iiyoiio aeiioneathueo iaae niaie /enoi oi?iaeueiua
iia?aoeee.
Iaeiaei e ?.Aeaea?o,e A.Eaeaieoe, a ioee/ee io Aiaana, i?ae?anii
aeaeaee i?eioeeieaeueiua o?oaeiinoe, noiyaoea ia iooe inouanoaeaiey yoie
eaeae. Aeaea?o iiieiae, /oi ii?aaeaeaiey oa?ieiia a oieaa?naeueiii ycuea
ia iiaoo auoue i?iaeoeoii iiethaiaiiai niaeaoaiey, a aeieaeiu auoue
iieo/aiu oieueei a ?acoeueoaoa ouaoaeueiiai aiaeeca i?inouo eaeae, ec
eioi?uo, eae ec ee?ie/eeia, neeaaeuaaaony aanue eioaeeaeooaeueiue ie?
ethaeae; /oi nai oi/iue ycue anaiauae iaoaiaoeee iiaeao auoue eeoue
/ai-oi i?iecaiaeiui io enoeiiie oeeinioee. Oieueei oiaaea oaeaeinue au
caiaieoue iuoeaiea i aauao, aeaiiuo a aiia?aaeaiee (o.a. ii oiaaeaoiae
oa?ieiieiaee, a nica?oeaiee), aiiaua a ?aaeueiii /oanoaaiii-i?aaeiaoiii
iiuoa ethaeae, naiaai ?iaea en/eneaieai oa?ieiia e ooaa?aeaeaiee e
naeaeaoue oiicaeeth/aiey noie aea aacioeai/iuie, eae e ?aoaiey
o?aaiaiee.
I?eniaaeeiyynue a yoii ioieoa e Aeaea?oo, A.Eaeaieoe eaoaai?e/anee
ia?aie/eaae iaeanoue i?eiaiaiey anaiauae iaoaiaoeee eeoue oaie aauaie,
eioi?ua ioiinyony e noa?a aeaenoaey neeu aiia?aaeaiey. Anaiauay
iaoaiaoeea e aeieaeia i?aaenoaaeyoue, ii aai iunee, eeoue oae neacaoue,
eiaeeo neeu aiia?aaeaiey. Ii eiaiii iiyoiio ec aa aaaeaiey eneeth/athony
eae any iaoaoeceea, oae e eeoue ?annoaeeo ni?acia?iua aaue, eae iuneue e
aeaenoaea, oae e iaeanoue iau/iie iaoaiaoeee. Aanueia nouanoaaiiia
ia?aie/aiea! Iuoeaiea, ai anyeii neo/aa, caeanue inoaaony ca i?aaeaeaie
eiiiaoaioeee anaiauae iaoaiaoeee.
Ia oaeeaeoaeueii, /oi A.Eaeaieoe n iane?uaaaiie e?iieae ioiineeny e
/enoi iiieiaeenoe/aneie o?aeoiaea eiaeee, eceiaeaiiie o Aeae.Eieea,
niaeanii eioi?ie eiaeea iiieiaaony eae iniaay iaoea i ciaeao. Eaeaieoe
ane?uaaao o?oaeiinoe, naycaiiua n oaeei iiieiaieai eiaeee. I?aaeaea
anaai, eiinoaoe?oao ii, iaoea i ?annoaeaeaiee, ninoaaeaiee noaeaeaiey,
ecia?aoaiee, ii-aeaeeiiio, i/aiue ioee/ia io ciaiey yoeiieiaee neia e
neiaioiio?aaeaiey , i?aaenoaaeythuaai ia/oi iaii?aaeaeaiiia e
i?iecaieueiia. E?iia oiai, iauyniyy neiaa, i?eoiaeeony aeaeaoue
yeneo?nee a iaeanoue naieo iaoe, eae yoi aeaeii ii neiaa?yi; n ae?oaie
aea noi?iiu, iaeuecy caieiaoueny iaoeaie, ia aeaaay a oi aea a?aiy
ii?aaeaeaiee oa?ieiia.
Iiyoiio aianoi oiai ?acaeaeaiey oeeinioee ia o?e ?aciua iaoee,
eioi?ia Aeae.Eiee eiie?oao o noieeia (eiaeea, oeceea e yoeea), Eieaieoe
i?aaeii/eoaao aiai?eoue i o?ao ?aciuo aniaeoao, iiae eioi?uie aunooiaao
iaeii e oi aea ciaiea, iaeie e oa aea enoeiu, - oai?aoe/aneii (oeceea),
i?aeoe/aneii (yoeea) e oa?ieiieiae/aneii (eiaeea). I?aaeiae eiaeea
caeanue i?inoi niioaaonoaoao oa?ieiieiae/aneee aniaeo ciaiey, eee, ii
au?aaeaieth Eaeaieoea nenoaiaoecaoeey ciaiey ii oa?ieiai a ni?aai/ieea.
?acoiaaony, oaeay nenoaiaoecaoeey, aeaaea naiay eo/oay, ia anoue iaoea i
iuoeaiee, eai Eaeaieoe eiae i iuoeaiee aieaa aeoaieia i?aaenoaaeaiea. A
iiaeeeiiia o/aiea i iuoeaiee ii ioiinee e iaoaoeceea, neaaeoy a yoii
niunea oa?ieiieiaee e nooe eiaeee A?enoioaey, a ia noieeia. (Eeueyieia,
1984)
Eaeay A.Eaeaieoea i aiciiaeiinoe e i?iaeoeoeaiinoe naaaeaiey
?annoaeaeaiee e au/eneaieyi a oa/aiea iiiaeo eao ia iaoiaeeea ?acaeoey
e i?eiaiaiey. Neiaiee/aneay eiaeea ia/aea nicaeaaaoueny eeoue a
na?aaeeia XIX a. Aa ?acaeoea naycaii n aeayoaeueiinoueth Eae.Aoey,
A.I.Aea-Ii?aaia, *.Ie?na, A.O?aaa e ae?oaeo ecaanoiuo o/aiuo.
Cia/eoaeueiue aeeaae a nicaeaiea neiaiee/aneie eiaeee aianee ?onneea
o/aiua I.N.Ii?aoeeee, A.E. Aoieoeeee e ae?.
Oaeei ia?acii, e ia/aeo oaeouaai noieaoey neiaiee/aneay eiaeea
ioi?ieeanue a ea/anoaa ioiineoaeueii naiinoiyoaeueiie aeenoeeieeiu a
?aieao eiae/aneie iaoee. I?eiaiaiea iaoiaeia neiaiee/aneie eiaeee e
?aoaieth i?iaeai iinoaaeaiiuo o?aaeeoeeiiiie eiaeeie, a oaeaea i?iaeai
eioi?ua aeaaea ia iiaee auoue ath iinoaaeaiu, aucaaei a ia/aea OO a.
?aaiethoeeth a eiaeea. Eiaiii eniieueciaaiea iaoiaeia neiaiee/aneie
eiaeee ioee/aao eiaeeo nia?aiaiioth io o?aaeeoeeiiiie. Aianoa n oai a
nia?aiaiiie eiaeea nio?aiythony ana aeinoeaeaiey e any i?iaeaiaoeea
o?aaeeoeeiiiie eiaeee.
Aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea oaeaea eiaao ae?aaiaa i?ienoiaeaeaiea. Eaeae
aeeaeaeoeee iuoeaiey ainoiaeyo e ae?aaiaainoi/iie e aioe/iie oeeinioee.
Iniiaiua eaoaai?ee aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee eniieueciaaeenue oaea a ?aiiae
a?a/aneie eeanneea /VI V aa. aei i.y./, iaeiaei iie ia auee iauaaeeiaiu
a nenoaio, e aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea auea aeaeaea io auaeaeaiey a
naiinoiyoaeueioth iaoeo. A ?acaeoea aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee aianee
ii?aaeaeaiiue aeeaae Ieaoii e A?enoioaeue, ioaeaeueiua eaeae yoie eiaeee
auneacuaaeenue n?aaeiaaaeiauie oeeinioaie. Eeanne/aneea oi?iu
aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeea i?eaeaee iaiaoeeea oeeiniou Iiaiai a?aiaie Eaio,
Oeooa, Oaiieia e a iniaaiiinoe Aaaaeue. Aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea Aaaaey
yaeyaony nenoaiaoe/aneei o/aieai, oioy iia e ?ac?aaioaia a iiceoeee
iauaeoeaiiai eaeaaeecia.
Aeeaeaeoe/aneoth eiaeeo ia iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie iniiaa ?ac?aaaouaaee
E.Ia?en, O.Yiaaeuen e A.E. Eaiei. Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea iia iieo/eea a
o?oaeao nia?aiaiiuo oeeinioia. (TH.A.Eaeaa, 1994)
Eiaeea oi?iaeueiay e aeeaeaeoe/aneay
Iineieueeo iunee au?aaeathony a ycuea, iie eiatho caoeiaua, eee
ycueiaua oi?iu. Iaeia e oa aea iuneue iiaeao au?aaeaoueny a ycuea
ii-?aciiio. Iai?eia?, i?aaeeiaeaiey Iao? nooaeaio, ?Peter is a
student?, ?Peter ist student?au?aaeatho iaeio e oo aea iuneue. Iiaeii
i?eaanoe i?eia?u ?acee/iuo niiniaia au?aaeaiey iaeioi?ie iunee a iaeiii
ycuea, iai?eia?, a ?onneii.
E?iia caoeiaie oi?iu, eaaeaeay iuneue eiaao eiae/aneoth oi?io
(eiae/aneoth no?oeoo?o).
Eiae/aneay no?oeoo?a iunee, au?aaeaiiie i?eaaaeaiiuie auoa
i?aaeeiaeaieyie, oaeiaa: Iaeioi?ue ii?aaeaeaiiue i?aaeiao iaeaaeaao
iaeioi?ui ii?aaeaeaiiui naienoaii, eee i?e ae?oaii iiaeoiaea: Iaeioi?ue
ii?aaeaeaiiue i?aaeiao yaeyaony yeaiaioii iaeioi?iai ii?aaeaeaiiiai
eeanna i?aaeiaoia.
Eae auyaeyoue eiae/aneoth oi?io aieaa neiaeiuo iuneae, a oaeaea
i?ioeannia iuoeaiey (?annoaeaeaiee)?
Aeey iaoiaeaeaiey niiniaa, iicaieythuaai auyaeyoue eiae/aneea oi?iu
?acee/iuo iuneae e i?ioeannia iuoeaiey, auaeaeei iaeaieaa iauea naienoaa
e oa?aeoa?enoeee aauae e yaeaiee, iaeaieaa iauea ioiioaiey iaaeaeo
aauanoaaie e yaeaieyie, a oaeaea iaeaieaa iauea naienoaa e
oa?aeoa?enoeee naieo iuneae e ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ieie. Yoe naienoaa,
oa?aeoa?enoeee e ioiioaiey yaeythony i?aaeiaoii eco/aiey eiaeee. Iie
au?aaeathony neaaeothueie neiaaie e neiaini/aoaieyie: nooue /anoue,
yaeyaony/, ana
/ eaaeaeue, ie iaeei/, iaeioi?ua, anee ?oi, e, eee, neaaeiaaoaeueii,
iaaa?ii, /oi? /ia/ e iaeioi?uie ae?oaeie, iacuaaaiuie eiae/aneeie
oa?ieiaie, a ioee/ea io iaeiae/aneeo oa?ieiia, iaicia/athueo aaue e
yaeaiey eee au?aaeathueo naienoaa e ioiioaiey, ia yaeythueany i?aaeiaoii
eiaeee.
*oiau auyaeoue eiae/aneoth oi?io iunee, ioaeii ioaea/ueny io
aieueoae /anoe niaea?aeaiey iaeiae/aneeo oa?ieiia, aoiaeyueo a
neiaini/aoaiea, au?aaeathuaa yoo iuneue. Naeaeaoue yoi iiaeii ?acee/iuie
niiniaaie. Iiaeii, iai?eia?, iionoeoue iaeiae/aneea oa?ieiu a yoii
neiaini/aoaiee e iinoaaeoue aianoi ieo iiiaioi/ey, oo?eoiaua e ae?oaea
eeiee. I?e yoii neaaeoao aianoi ?acee/iuo aoiaeaeaiee iaeiiai e oiai aea
oa?ieia /a?oeoue iaeeiaeiaua eeiee, a aianoi aoiaeaeaiee ?acee/iuo
oa?ieiia ?acee/iua eeiee. Iineaaeiea caia/aiey eae ?ac e aiai?yo i
iaiieiii ioaea/aiee io niunea iaeiae/aneeo oa?ieiia. Ii oeio eeiee
iiaeii ainnoaiiaeoue oei iaeiae/aneeo oa?ieiia, io aieueoae /anoe niunea
eioi?uo i?iecioei ioaea/aiea.
Aoi?ie niinia ioaea/aiey io niunea iaeiae/aneeo oa?ieiia
caeeth/aaony a caiaia yoeo oa?ieiia neiaieaie ia?aiaiiuie. E a yoii
neo/aa aianoi ?acee/iuo aoiaeaeaiee iaeiiai e oiai aea oa?ieia noaaeony
iaeia e oa aea ia?aiaiiay, a aianoi ?acee/iuo oa?ieiia ?acee/iua
ia?aiaiiua. E?iia oiai, aianoi oa?ieiia ?acee/iuo oeiia noaayony e
ia?aiaiiua ?acee/iuo oeiia.
Ionoue aeaiu ?annoaeaeaiey:
(1) Ana iaoaeeu yaeythony oaieii?iaiaeiuie aauanoaaie.
Ana iaoaeeu yaeythony yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiuie aauanoaaie.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaeioi?ua yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiua aauanoaa yaeythony
oaieii?iaiaeiuie.
(2) Neaaeiaaoaeue th?eno.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, oi?ioee neaaeiaaoaeue oi?ioee th?eno.
(3) Iooa aeeaioiia. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, e?oiiay iooa e?oiiia aeeaioiia.
A aeaoo iineaaeothueo ?annoaeaeaieyo iiae?acoiaaaaony neiai ana.
A ?acoeueoaoa caiaiu iaeiae/aneeo oa?ieiia ia?aiaiiuie iieo/ei,
niioaaonoaaiii, au?aaeaiey:
(1) Ana I nooue ?. Ana I nooue S. Neaaeiaaoaeueii S nooue ?.
(2) Ana S nooue ?. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ana Sq nooue Pq.
(3) Ana S nooue ?. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ana Sq nooue Pq.
Iie au?aaeatho eiae/aneea oi?iu oeacaiiuo ?annoaeaeaiee.
Oaeei ia?acii, eiae/aneay oi?ia yoi no?oeoo?a iunee, eee i?ioeanna
iuoeaiey, iieo/aaiay a ?acoeueoaoa ioaea/aiey io niunea /io aai aieueoae
/anoe/ iaeiae/aneeo oa?ieiia.
Eiae/aneay oi?ia au?aaeaao /anoue niaea?aeaiey iunee. Iia
eioi?iaoeaia.
Oae, niaea?aeaiea, au?aaeaaiia eiae/aneie oi?iie ia?aiai ?annoaeaeaiey,
oaeiai: Anee ana i?aaeiaou eeanna I aeeth/athony a eeann ?. e ana
i?aaeiaou eeanna I aeeth/athony a eeann S, oi iaeioi?ua i?aaeiaou eeanna
S aeeth/athony a eeann ?. Eiuie neiaaie, eaaeaeay iuneue eiaao
caoeiaoth, eee ycueiaoth, oi?io au?aaeaiey e niaea?aeaiea. Ana
niaea?aeaiea aeaeeony ia eiae/aneia e iaeiae/aneia. Eiae/aneia
niaea?aeaiea au?aaeaaony eiae/aneeie oa?ieiaie e io/anoe iaeiae/aneeie,
a iaeiae/aneia iaeiae/aneeie.
Eiae/aneea oi?iu iiaeii eeanneoeoee?iaaoue ii oeiai. Iniiaiuie
oeiaie eiae/aneeo oi?i yaeythony iiiyoea, noaeaeaiea e oiicaeeth/aiea.
Iiiyoea yoi iuneue, a eioi?ie iaiauaiu e auaeaeaiu a eeann
i?aaeiaou ia iniiaa nenoaiu i?eciaeia, iauae oieueei aeey i?aaeiaoia
yoiai eeanna.
I?eia? iiiyoey: aeaenoaea eee aacaeaenoaea, eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiia
caeiiii a ea/anoaa iaeacoaiiai (iiiyoea i?anooieaiey).
E noaeaeaieyi ioiinyony iunee, a eioi?uo ooaa?aeaeaaony iaee/ea eee
ionoonoaea naienoa o i?aaeiaoia, ioiioaiee iaaeaeo i?aaeiaoaie, naycae
iaaeaeo i?aaeiaoaie. I?eia?u: (1) Eo?yuee /aeiaae aiai?eo iiiai, ii
iaaiiiaae.
(2) *aeiaae, eo?yuee n na?ueaciui aeaeii, n/eoaao, /oi iunee ia?iiiie
ainoaea?noaaiiie aaaeiinoe aeoatho o iaai a aieiaa, a aeoaao oieueei
aeui, aea e oi ia a aieiaa, a ieiei iaa.
Oiicaeeth/aiea yoi i?ioeann iieo/aiey ciaiey, au?aaeaiiiai a
noaeaeaiee, eo ae?oaeo ciaiee, oiaea au?aaeaiiuo a noaeaeaieyo.
I?eia?aie oiicaeeth/aiee iiaoo neoaeeoue i?eaaaeaiiua auoa ?annoaeaeaiey
(1), (2), (3).
Iaaeaeo iuneyie nouanoaotho nayce, caaenyuea oieueei io eo
eiae/aneeo oi?i. Oaeea nayce eiatho ianoi e iaaeaeo iiiyoeyie. E iaaeaeo
noaeaeaieyie, e iaaeaeo oiicaeeth/aieyie. Oae, iaaeaeo iuneyie
eiae/aneeo oi?i iaeioi?ua S nooue ? e iaeioi?ua ? nooue S nouanoaoao
neaaeothuay naycue: anee enoeiia iaeia ec yoeo iuneae, oi enoeiia e
aoi?ay, iacaaeneii io oiai, eaeiai iaeiae/aneia niaea?aeaiea yoeo
iuneae.
Nayce iaaeaeo iuneyie ii oi?ia, i?e eioi?uo enoeiiinoue iaeieo ec
yoeo iuneae iaoneiaeeaaao enoeiiinoue ae?oaeo, iacuaathony
oi?iaeueii-eiae/aneei caeiiaie, eee i?inoi caeiiaie eiaeee.
Caeiiu eiaeee yaeythony io?aaeaieai iauaeoeaiie ?aaeueiinoe. Yoi
io?aaeaiea i?ienoiaeeo a i?ioeanna acaeiiaeaenoaey /aeiaaea n
ie?oaeathuei ie?ii. A.E.Eaiei ienae: I?aeoeea /aeiaaea, ieeeea?aeu ?ac
iiaoi?yynue, cae?aieyaony a niciaiee /aeiaaea oeao?aie eiaeee. Oeao?u
yoe eiatho i?i/iinoue i?aae?annoaeea, aeneiiaoe/aneee oa?aeoa? eiaiii /e
oieueei/ a neeo yoiai ieeeea?aeiiai iiaoi?aiey.
Naycue iaaeaeo iuneyie a ?annoaeaeaiee i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
eiae/aneee caeii. *oiau onoaiiaeoue, yaeyaony ee naycue iaaeaeo
auneacuaaieyie eiae/aneei caeiiii, iaiaoiaeeii aianoi iaeiae/aneeo
oa?ieiia iiaenoaaeyoue a yoe auneacuaaiey i?iecaieueiua oa?ieiu oao aea
oeiia e i?e yoii anyeee ?ac auyniyoue, ieaaeaony ee enoeiiui auaiaeeiia
auneacuaaiea i?e enoeiiinoe enoiaeiuo. Anee anaaaea iaia?oaeeaaaony
oaeay caaeneiinoue enoeiiinoe auneacuaaiee, oi naycue iaaeaeo ieie
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eiae/aneee caeii. A nia?aiaiiie eiaeea ?ac?aaioaiu
aieaa i?iaeoeoeaiua iaoiaeu auyaeaiey caeiiiia?iie nayce iaaeaeo
iuneyie.
Eiay iiiyoea eiae/aneie oi?iu e eiae/aneiai caeiia, iiaeii aeaoue
ii?aaeaeaiea oi?iaeueiie eiaeea.
Oi?iaeueiay eiaeea yoi iaoea i oi?iao iuoeaiey, i
oi?iaeueii-eiae/aneeo caeiiao e ae?oaeo naycae iaaeaeo iuneyie ii eo
eiae/aneei oi?iai.
Iuoeaiea, eioi?ia inouanoaeyaony a niioaaonoaee n
oi?iaeueii-eiae/aneeie caeiiaie, iacuaaaony i?aaeeueiui. Oi?iaeueiay
eiaeea, yaeyaony iaoeie i i?aaeeueiii iuoeaiee, enneaaeoao e
nenoaiaoece?oao oaeaea oeie/iua ioeaee, niaa?oaaiua a i?ioeanna
iuoeaiey, o.a. oeie/iua aeiaeciu.
I?e i?eiaiaiee n?aaenoa, au?aaaouaaaiuo oi?iaeueiie eiaeeie, iiaeii
ioaeaeaoueny io ?acaeoey ciaiey.
E?iia oi?iaeueiie eiaeee nouanoaoao eiaeea aeeaeaeoe/aneay,
i?aaeiaoii niaoeeaeueiiai eco/aiey eioi?ie yaeythony oi?iu e
caeiiiia?iinoe ?acaeoey ciaiey. N?aaenoaa aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee
i?eiaiythony a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea io ?acaeoey ciaiey ioaeaeaoueny
iaeuecy. Aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea enneaaeoao oaeea oi?iu ?acaeoey ciaiey,
eae i?iaeaia, aeiioaca e o.ae., oaeea iaoiaeu iiciaiey, eae
ainoiaeaeaiea io aano?aeoiiai e eiie?aoiiio, aiaeec e neioac e o.ae.
A i?ioeanna iiciaiey iaoiaeu oi?iaeueiie eiaeee aeiiieiythony
iaoiaeaie aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee, e iaiai?io. (TH.A.Eaeaa, 1988)
Iniiaiua iaoiaeieiae/aneea i?eioeeiu oi?iaeueiie eiaeee
Oi?iaeueiay eiaeea enneaaeoao nayce iaaeaeo iuneyie, caaenyuea io
eo eiae/aneeo oi?i, o.a. i?aaeaea anaai io niunea eiae/aneeo oa?ieiia.
Yoe nayce eiatho ianoi iacaaeneii io oiai, ciaai ee iu i ieo eee iao.
Iineieueeo eiae/aneea oa?ieiu, ii e?aeiae ia?a iaeioi?ua, i?aaenoaaeytho
iaeaieaa iauea oa?aeoa?enoeee aiaycueiaie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, iinoieueeo
a eiaeea au?aaeaaony ciaiea iioieiae/aneiai oa?aeoa?a, ciaiea i oii,
eaeeie i?eciaeaie iaeaaeaao aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue. Oaeeie ciaieyie,
iai?eia?, yaeythony: (1) Iaaiciiaeii nouanoaiaaiea neooaoeee e a oi aea
a?aiy aa ionoonoaea, a /anoiinoe, iaaiciiaeii iaee/ea naienoaa o
i?aaeiaoa, e a oi aea a?aiy ionoonoaea yoiai naienoaa o i?aaeiaoa; (2) O
eciaiythueony i?aaeiaoia eiathony naienoaa, eioi?ua inoathony i?enoueie
ei ai iiiaeo neo/ayo ii e?aeiae ia?a iaeioi?ia a?aiy.
Ciaiea oeacaiiuo naycae e i?eciaeia aeeth/athony a
ie?iaicc?ai/aneoth /anoue iaoee oi?iaeueiie eiaeee. A iaoea eiaeea yoe
ciaiey au?aaeaaony a aeaea oae iacuaaaiuo eiae/anee-enoeiiuo
auneacuaaiee, o.a. auneacuaaiee, eioi?ua yaeythony enoeiiuie iacaaeneii
io oiai, eaeiau aoiaeyuea a ieo aeane?eioeaiua oa?ieiu (yoe auneacuaaiey
enoeiu a neeo iniaaiiinoae eo eiae/aneeo oi?i).
Oi?iu eiae/anee-enoeiiuo auneacuaaiee, anee aoiaeyuea a ieo
ia?aiaiiua naycuaathony eaaioa?aie iauiinoe, au?aaeatho (1)
oi?iaeueii-eiae/aneea caeiiu eee (2) oeacaiiua auoa ciaiey
iioieiae/aneiai oa?aeoa?a. I?eia?u oi?i auneacuaaiee ia?aiai aeaea:
(((pq) ((pq)); ((p (q r)) ((p q) r)).
I?eia?u oi?i auneacuaaiee aoi?iai aeaea:
( p p); (p v p) ; (p p).
Yoe oi?iu iacuaatho caeiiaie eiaeee, eee oiaeaeanoaaiiienoeiiuie
oi?ioeaie (auneacuaaieyie).
I?e/ai auneacuaaiea (p p) caeiiii iai?ioeai?a/ey, (? v p) caeiiii
eneeth/aiiiai o?aoueaai, (? ?) caeii oiaeaeanoaa. I/aaeaeii, /oi caeii
iai?ioeai?a/ey au?aaeaao ia?aia ec oeacaiiuo auoa ciaiee
iioieiae/aneiai oa?aeoa?a, a (? ?) aoi?ia.
I?aaiia?iinoue oi?iaeueii-eiae/aneiai caeiia iai?ioeai?a/ey ni
a?aiai A?enoioaey iiaeaa?aaaony e?eoeea.
N/eoaaony, /oi auneacuaaiea oi?iu (A A) ia yaeyaony eiae/anee-enoeiiui,
o.a. anoue yaeaiey, eioi?ua nouanoaotho e a oi aea a?aiy ia nouanoaotho;
anoue i?aaeiaou, eioi?ua iaeioi?ui naienoaii iaeaaeatho e a oi aea a?aiy
ia iaeaaeatho. Ana i?eia?u auneacuaaiee i oaeeo yaeaieyo, i?aaeiaoao e
naienoaao auee ioaa?aioou. *aua anaai i?e e?eoeea caeiia iai?ioeai?a/ey
i?eaiaeyo i?eia?u ia oi?iaeueii-eiae/aneeo i?ioeai?a/ee (o.a. ia
i?ioeai?a/ee iaaeaeo iuneyie, iienuaathueie iaee/ea o i?aaeiaoa naienoaa
e a oi aea a?aiy aai ionoonoaea e o.ae.), a i?eia?u oae iacuaaaiuo
neiaaniuo i?ioeai?a/ee, o.a. auneacuaaiee, a iaeiii ec eioi?uo noieo
/anoeoea ia eee neiai iaaa?ii, a a ae?oaii yoie /anoeoeu iao. A
inoaeueiii i?aaeeiaeaiey a?iaea au noiaeiu.
A.E.Aieoaeeei enneaaeiaae neaaeothuaa neiaaniia i?ioeai?a/ea: A
aeaiiue iiiaio a?aiaie oaei iaoiaeeony a aeaiiie oi/ea, e iaaa?ii, /oi a
oio aea iiiaio iii iaoiaeeony a aeaiiie oi/ea.
Oi?iaeueii-eiae/aneee caeii iai?ioeai?a/ey yaeyaony iiuiui
eino?oiaioii ?acaeoey ciaiey. A i?ioeanna iiciaiey ec oai?ee, eioi?oth
n/eoatho niioaaonoaothuae aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, auaiaeyony neaaenoaey, ia
niioaaonoaothuea aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. A neeo oai?ee, iai?eia?,
ooaa?aeaeatho
A. Oaeoe/anee ooaa?aeaeatho A A. Caeii iai?ioeai?a/ey aiai?eo, /oi
aa?ii (A v A), o.a. iaaa?ii A A. Anee aeiionoeoue, /oi a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe aiciiaeii A A, oi i?ioeann ?acaeoey ciaiey
caeii/eony. Iineieueeo iaaiciiaeii A A, /aua anaai ia?aniao?eaatho
eaeoth-oi /anoue oai?ee, /oiau ecaaaeaoue i?ioeai?a/ey e o.ae.
Iniiaiua iaoiaeieiae/aneea i?eioeeiu oi?iaeueiie eiaeee:
oiaeaeanoai, iai?ioeai?a/ey, eneeth/aiiiai o?aoueaai e aeinoaoi/iiai
iniiaaiey. Yoe i?eioeeiu au?aaeatho iaeaieaa iauea o?aaiaaiey, eioi?ui
aeieaeiu oaeiaeaoai?youe iaoe ?annoaeaeaiey e eiae/aneea iia?aoeee n
iuneyie, anee iu noaaei ia?aae niaie oeaeue aeinoeaaoue enoeio
?aoeeiiaeueiuie iaoiaeaie.
I?eioeei oiaeaeanoaa onoaiaaeeaaao o?aaiaaiea ii?aaeaeaiiinoe
iuoeaiey a i?ioeanna ?annoaeaeaiey, oiio?aaeyy iaeioi?ue oa?iei, iu
aeieaeiu oiio?aaeoue aai a iaeiii e oii aea niunea, iiieiaoue iiae iei
ia/oi ii?aaeaeaiiia. Oioy i?aaeiaou, nouanoaothuea a iauaeoeaiie
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, iai?a?uaii eciaiythony, a iiiyoeyo ia yoeo
i?aaeiaoao auaeaeyaony ia/oi iaeciaiiia. A i?ioeanna ?annoaeaeaiey
iaeuecy eciaiyoue iiiyoey aac niaoeeaeueiie iaiai?ee. Ii-ae?oaiio
i?eioeei oiaeaeanoaa iiaeii iacaaoue i?eioeeiii iaiai?ie: anee
eciaiyaoue niune oa?ieia, oi iaiai?e yoi, eia/a aoaeaoue iiiyo
iai?aaeeueii.
I?eioeei iai?ioeai?a/ey o?aaoao, /oiau iuoeaiea auei
iineaaeiaaoaeueiui. Ii o?aaoao, /oiau, ooaa?aeaeay ia/oi i /ai-oi, iu ia
io?eoeaee oiai aea i oii aea a oii aea naiii niunea a oi aea naiia
a?aiy, o.a. cai?auaao iaeiia?aiaiii i?eieiaoue iaeioi?ia ooaa?aeaeaiea e
aai io?eoeaiea.
I?ioeai?a/ey a ycueiauo eiioaenoao eiiaaea yaeythony iayaiuie. Oae,
ecaanoiia ooaa?aeaeaiea Nie?aoa ss ciath, /oi y ie/aai ia ciath ne?uaaao
a naaa i?ioeai?a/ea. A naiii aeaea, anee Nie?ao ciaao, /oi ii ie/aai ia
ciaao, oi ii e yoiai ia ciaao.
I?eioeei eneeth/aiiiai o?aoueaai o?aaoao ia ioaa?aaoue
iaeiia?aiaiii auneacuaaiea e aai io?eoeaiea. Auneacuaaiey A e A iaeuecy
ioaa?aiooue iaeiia?aiaiii, oae eae iaeii ec ieo iaycaoaeueii enoeiii,
iineieueeo i?iecaieueiay neooaoeey eeai eiaao, eeai ia eiaao ianoa a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe.
Niaeanii yoiio i?eioeeio ioaeii ooi/iyoue iaoe iiiyoey oae, /oiau
iiaeii auei aeaaaoue ioaaou ia aeueoa?iaoeaiua aii?inu. Iai?eia?:
ssaeyaony ee yoi aeayiea i?anooieaieai eee iii ia yaeyaony
i?anooieaieai?. Anee au iiiyoea i?anooieaiea ia auei oi/ii ii?aaeaeaii,
oi a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo ia yoio aii?in iaaiciiaeii auei au ioaaoeoue.
Ae?oaie aii?in: Nieioea acioei eee ia acioei?. I?aaenoaaei naaa oaeoth
neooaoeeth: Nieioea iaiieiaeio auoei ec-ca ai?eciioa. Eae ioaaoeoue ia
yoio aii?in? I?eioeei eneeth/aiiiai o?aoueaai o?aaoao, /oiau iiiyoey
ooi/iyeenue aeey aiciiaeiinoe aeaaaoue ioaaou ia oaeiai ?iaea aii?inu. A
neo/aa n ainoiaeii Nieioea iu iiaeai, iai?eia?, aeiaiai?eoueny n/eoaoue,
/oi Nieioea acioei, anee iii /ooue-/ooue iieacaeinue ec-ca ai?eciioa. A
i?ioeaiii neo/aa n/eoaoue, /oi iii ia acioei.
Ooi/iea iiiyoey, iu iiaeai neacaoue i aeaoo noaeaeaieyo, iaeii ec
eioi?uo yaeyaony io?eoeaieai ae?oaiai, /oi iaeii ec ieo iaycaoaeueii
enoeiii, o.a. o?aoueaai ia aeaii.
I?eioeei aeinoaoi/iiai iniiaaiey o?aaoao, /oiau anyeia
ooaa?aeaeaiea auei a eaeie-oi ia?a iainiiaaii, o.a. enoeiiinoue
ooaa?aeaeaiee iaeuecy i?eieiaoue ia aa?o.
Noaeaeaiey, ec eioi?uo auaiaeeony ooaa?aeaeaiea i?e aai iainiiaaiee
(anee n/eoaoue i?aaeea eiaeee aeaiiuie), iacuaathony iniiaaieyie,
iiyoiio ?anniao?eaaaiue i?eioeei iacuaaaony i?eioeeiii aeinoaoi/iiai
iniiaaiey, /oi icia/aao: iniiaaiee aeieaeii auoue aeinoaoi/ii aeey
auaaaeaiey ec ieo ?anniao?eaaaiiai ooaa?aeaeaiey.
Anee o?aaiaaiea i?eioeeia aeinoaoi/iiai iniiaaiey ia auiieiyaony,
oi ooaa?aeaeaiey ieacuaathony iaiainiiaaiiuie, aieineiaiuie.
(TH.A.Eaeaa, 1994).
Iniiaiua iaoiaeieiae/aneea i?eioeeiu aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee
Iniiaiua i?eioeeiu aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee eceiaeaiu A.E.Eaieiui a
?aaioa Aua ?ac i i?ionithcao, i oaeouai iiiaioa e ia ioeaeao o.o.
O?ioeeiai e Aooa?eia e a Oeeinioneeo oao?aaeyo.
A ea/anoaa aunoaai iaoiaeieiae/aneiai i?eioeeia aunooiatho
o?aaiaaiey iauaeoeaiinoe ?anniio?aiey. Yoio i?eioeei auoaeaao ec
iaoa?eaeenoe/aneiai ?aoaiey iniiaiiai aii?ina oeeinioee, o.a. ec
ie?iaicc?ai/aneiai i?eioeeia ia?ae/iinoe iaoa?eaeueiiai e aoi?e/iinoe
eaeaaeueiiai. Ii o?aaoao i?e enneaaeiaaiee anyeiai iauaeoa enoiaeeoue ec
iaai naiiai, a ia ec iaoaai iiaiey i iai, ia iuoeaieth iiae/eiyoue
i?aaeiao, a iuoeaiea i?aaeiaoo, aioo?aiiae eiaeea acaeiinayce e
acaeiicaaeneiinoe aai noi?ii.
I?eioeei iauaeoeaiinoe ?anniio?aiey, eniieuecoaiue a nioeeaeueiii
iiciaiee, aeeth/aao a naay ia oieueei o?aaiaaiea enoiaeeoue ec naiiai
iauaeoa, ec caeiiia aai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey e ?acaeoey e ia i?eaiineoue a
iaai ie/aai io naay, ii e /aoeiai ?acee/aiey iaoa?eaeueiuo e
eaeaieiae/aneeo ioiioaiee, iauaeoeaiuo e noauaeoeaiuo oaeoi?ia,
iauanoaaiiiai auoey e iauanoaaiiiai niciaiey, i?eciaiea iaoa?eaeueiuo
iauaeoeaiuo oaeoi?ia (ioiioaiee), iauanoaaiiiai auoey a ea/anoaa
ii?aaeaeythuaai, ia?ae/iiai, a aeooiaiuo, eaeaieiae/aneeo ioiioaiee,
yaeaiee iauanoaaiiiai niciaiey a ea/anoaa aoi?e/iuo, iaoneiaeeaaaiuo
iaoa?eaeueiie aeeciueth ethaeae, eo yeiiiie/aneeie ioiioaieyie. Oieueei
a oaeii niaoeeoe/aneii au?aaeaiee i?eioeei iauaeoeaiinoe a ninoiyiee
i?aaeeueii i?eaioe?iaaoue noauaeoa a iiciaiee nioeeaeueiuo yaeaiee.
Iai?eia?, i?e i?iaiice?iaaiee i?anooiiinoe enoiaeyo ec oiai, /oi
iia yaeyaony aoi?e/iui yaeaieai ii ioiioaieth e ae?oaei nioeeaeueiui
yaeaieyi, aunooiathuei a ea/anoaa aa i?e/eiu. Ionthaea neaaeoao auaiae,
/oi ? i?iaiice?iaaiea (i?anooiiinoe)anoue aoi?e/iia i?iaiice?iaaiea,
io?aaeathuaa eciaiaiey a aoaeouai ae?oaeo nioeeaeueiuo yaeaiee,
neacuaathueony ia i?anooiiinoe. I?iaiice?iaaiea i?anooiiinoe?aeieaeii
eaeoe aneaae ca i?iaiicaie yaeaiee, i?ioeannia nouanoaaiii aeeythueo ia
aeeiaieeo, o?iaaiue, no?oeoo?o i?anooiiinoe. Iiyoiio aia/aea aeieaeai
auoue ninoaaeai i?iaiic, ioiinyueeny e ia?aiio caaio
i?e/eiii-neaaenoaaiiie nenoaiu e iaeanoe i?e/ei, a oaea caoai e ia
iniiaa yoiai ei aoi?iio caaio e i?anooiiinoe. ?ac?aaioea i?iaiicia
ia?aiai caaia caaea/a yeiiiienoia, nioeeieiaia, aeaiia?aoia e ae?.,
?ac?aaioea aoi?iai caaia aeaei e?eieiieiaia.
Aaaeiaeoei neaaenoaeai i?eioeeia iauaeoeaiinoe ?anniio?aiey
yaeyaony o?aaiaaiea ia eaeoe io aoi?e/iuo yaeaiee e eo i?e/eiai, a
iaiai?io, enoiaey ec ia?ae/iuo yaeaiee, ec i?e/ei, auyaeyoue ana
aiciiaeiua neaaenoaey.
?Iiiai eaa/a, - ienae E.Ia?en, - iin?aaenoaii aiaeeca iaeoe caiiia
yae?i ooiaiiuo ?aeeaeiciuo i?aaenoaaeaiee, /ai iaiai?io, ec aeaiiuo
ioiioaiee ?aaeueiie aeecie auaanoe niioaaonoaothuea ei ?aeeaeiciua
oi?iu. Iineaaeiee iaoiae anoue aaeeinoaaiii iaoa?eaeenoe/aneee, a
neaaeiaaoaeueii, aaeeinoaaiii iao/iue iaoiae. I?eiaieoaeueii e
i?anooiiinoe yoio iaoiae iiaeii noi?ioee?iaaoue oae: ia io i?anooiiinoe
eaeoe e aa i?e/eiai, a ec aeaiiuo (iaoa?eaeueiuo) oneiaee aeecie
auaiaeeoue iaeeaeaaiua i?aaiia?ooaiey.
Ae?oaei neaaenoaeai i?eioeeia iauaeoeaiinoe yaeyaony i?eioeei
eiie?aoiinoe, o?aaothuee i?e eco/aiee iauaeoa enoiaeeoue ec aai
iniaaiiinoae, ec niaoeeoe/aneeo oneiaee aai nouanoaiaaiey, a i?eioeeiu e
iaoiaeu enneaaeiaaiey iauaeoa eniieueciaaoue eeoue a ea/anoaa
i?eaioe?ia, iai?aaeythueo iiciaiea ia auyaeaiea aai aioo?aiiae i?e?iaeu.
Iaoiae E.Ia?ena, - ienae A.E.Eaiei, iiae/a?eeaay aaaeiinoue o?aaiaaiey
eiie?aoiinoe, - ninoieo i?aaeaea anaai a oii, /oiau o/anoue iauaeoeaiia
niaea?aeaiea enoi?e/aneiai i?ioeanna a aeaiiue eiie?aoiue iiiaio, a
aeaiiie eiie?aoiie ianoaiiaea?
Neaaeiaaiea i?eioeeio eiie?aoiinoe i?aaeio?aiyao io i?aa?auaiey
aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iaoiaea a oieaa?naeueioth ioiu/eo, yeiau niiniaioth
?aoeoue ethaoth iao/ioth i?iaeaio. Ii yoiio iiaiaeo O.Yiaaeuen ienae:
?iaoa?eaeenoe/aneee iaoiae i?aa?auaaony a naith i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue,
eiaaea ei iieuecothony ia eae ?oeiaiaeyuae ieoueth i?e enoi?e/aneii
enneaaeiaaiee, a eae aioiaui oaaeiiii, ii eioi?iio e?iyo e ia?ae?aeaatho
enoi?e/aneea oaeou.
Aaaeiaeoei i?eioeeiii aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iaoiaea yaeyaony o?aaiaaiea
?anniao?eaaoue iauaeo ai anao aai naycyo e ioiioaieyo. *oiau
aeaenoaeoaeueii ciaoue i?aaeiao, - ienae A.E.Eaiei, - iaaei ioaaoeoue,
eco/eoue ana aai noi?iiu, ana nayce e iiin?aaenoaiaaiey. Iu ieeiaaea ia
aeinoeaiai yoiai iieiinoueth, ii o?aaiaaiea ananoi?iiiinoe
i?aaeinoa?aaeao ian io ioeaie e iia?oaaiey. Yoio i?eioeei neaaeoao ec
ie?iaicc?ai/aneiai i?eioeeia anaiauae nayce. A naiii aeaea, anee
i?aaeiao i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aaeeinoai acaeiinaycaiiuo noi?ii, naienoa e
o.ae., anee ii iaoiaeeony a iiiai/eneaiiuo naycyo n ae?oaeie
i?aaeiaoaie, oi, /oiau iiciaoue i?aaeiao, iaiaoiaeeii ioaaoeoue ana yoe
nayce e ioiioaiey.
Aaaeiui i?eioeeiii aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iaoiaea yaeyaony i?eioeei
enoi?ecia, eioi?ue o?aaoao ?anniao?eaaoue iauaeo a aai ?acaeoee,
naiiaeaeaeaiee, eciaiaiee, o.a. eco/aoue aai aicieeiiaaiea, ia?aoiaeu io
iaeieo noaaeee ?acaeoey e ae?oaei aieioue aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie, n oai,
/oiau i?aaeneacuaaoue aai aoaeouea ninoiyiey. I?eioeei enoi?ecia
yaeyaony neaaenoaeai i?eioeeia anaiauaai ?acaeoey. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, anee
ana a ie?a iaoiaeeony a aeaeaeaiee, eciaiaiee, oi aeey oiai /oiau
iiciaoue oi eee eiia yaeaiea, ioaeii eco/eoue i?ioeann aai eciaiaiey,
aai ?acaeoey.
A.E.Eaiei ioaiaeeo aaaeioth ?ieue yoiio i?eioeeio a nioeeaeueiii
iiciaiee: Naiia iaaeaaeiia a aii?ina iauanoaaiiie iaoee e iaiaoiaeeiia
aeey oiai, /oiau aeaenoaeoaeueii i?eia?anoe iaaue iiaeoiaeeoue
i?aaeeueii e yoiio aii?ino e ia aeaoue caoa?youeny a ianna iaei/ae eee
a?iiaaeiii ?aciiia?acee ai?thueony iiaiee, - naiia aaaeiia, /oiau
iiaeieoe e yoiio aii?ino n oi/ee c?aiey iao/iie, yoi ia caauaaoue
iniiaiie enoi?e/aneie nayce, niio?aoue ia eaaeaeue aii?in n oi/ee c?aiey
oiai, eae ecaanoiia yaeaiea a enoi?ee aicieeei, eaeea aeaaiua yoaiu a
naiai ?acaeoee yoi yaeaiea i?ioiaeeei, e n oi/ee c?aiey yoiai aai
?acaeoey niio?aoue, /ai aeaiiay aauue noaea oaia?ue.
I?eioeei enoi?ecia ia naiaeeony e o?aaiaaieth aini?iecaanoe
enoi?eth enneaaeoaiiai iauaeoa a oii aeaea, a eaeii iia yaeyaony a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Ii o?aaoao eaeoe aeaeueoa e auyaeyoue caeiiiia?iinoe
niaiu iaeieo noaaeee ?acaeoey iauaeoa ae?oaeie. Eiaiii auiieiaiea
iineaaeiaai o?aaiaaiey iicaieyao iao/ii iauynieoue naienoaa e nayce
iauaeoa, ?ane?uoue aai nouiinoue e i?aaeneacuaaoue, n ii?aaeaeaiiie
noaiaiueth aa?iyoiinoe, aai aoaeouaa ?acaeoea.
Aaaeiui i?eioeeiii aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iaoiaea yaeyaony i?eioeei
?acaeaiaiey iauaeoa iiciaiey ia i?ioeaiiieiaeiua noi?iiu, auoaeathuee ec
caeiia aaeeinoaa e ai?ueau i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae.
Iaoiaeieiae/aneea i?eioeeiu a aaeeinoaa n iaoiaeaie e i?eaiaie
iiciaiey e i?aeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, n oi?iaie iiciaiey ninoaaeytho
aeoeaioth noi?iio aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iaoiaea. (TH.A.Eaeaa, 1988).
I?iaeaiu oiaeaeanoaa eiaeee, aeeaeaeoeee e oai?ee iiciaiey a oeeinioee
Aaaaey
I?iaeaia oiaeaeanoaa aeeaeaeoeee, eiaeee e oai?ee iiciaiey aicieeea
a oeeinioee Aaaaey eae ?acoeueoao enoi?e/anee ia?aiai iiuoa iino?iaiey
nenoaiu eiaeee, a eioi?ie oi?iu iuoeaiey ?anniao?eaathony eae nooiaie
iiciaiey enoeiu, a eiae/aneeie i?eioeeiaie (caeiiaie) iuoeaiey,
iaania/eaathueie iinoeaeaiea enoeiu, aunooiatho i?eioeeiu aeeaeaeoeee
(i?eioeei oiaeaeanoaa i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae, io?eoeaiey io?eoeaiey e
ae?.). Ii ii?aaeaeaieth naiiai Aaaaey, aai eiaeea yaeyaony iaoeie i
aeeaeaeoe/aneii iaoiaea iiciaiey, e eae iaoea i anaiauai
(aeeaeaeoe/aneii) iaoiaea iiciaiey iia yaeyaony iaoeie ia iaueo iooyo e
caeiiao iinoeaeaiey enoeiu, o.a. oai?eae iiciaiey. Eae oai?ey anaiauaai
(aeeaeaeoe/aneiai) iaoiaea iiciaiey aeeaeaeoeea (= aeeaeaeoe/aneay
eiaeea) e anoue oai?ey iiciaiey Aaaaey (a a iaoa?eaeenoe/anee
ia?a?aaioaiiii e iao/ii ?acaeoii aeaea e ia?enecia).
?ac?aaioea Aaaaeai nenoaiu eiaeee eae oai?ee aeeaeaeoe/aneiai
iaoiaea iiciaiey(= oai?ee iiciaiey) noaea aiciiaeiie a ?acoeueoaoa
aianaiey nouanoaaiiuo eciaiaiee a i?aaeiao o?aaeeoeeiiiie oai?ee
iiciaiey. Yoe eciaiaiey au?aceeenue a ?anniio?aiee eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai
i?ioeanna iiciaiey eae aini?iecaaaeaiey iniiaiuo nooiaiae enoi?e/aneiai
i?ioeanna iiciaiey (auaaaeaiea oai?ee iiciaiey ec enoi?ee iiciaiey) e,
ai-aoi?uo, a au?aaioea acaeyaea ia oai?eth iiciaiey eae ia o/aiea i
iiciaaaoaeueiuo ioiioaieyo noauaeoa e iauaeoa, a eioi?uo nai iauaeo
aunooiaao e iinoeaaaony a ?aciuo oi?iao. ?aaeecaoeey oaeiai iiieiaiey
i?aaeiaoa oai?ee iiciaiey iicaieeea Aaaaeth ane?uoue iiciaaaoaeueioth
ooieoeeth eiae/aneeo eaoaai?ee eae iaueo ii?aaeaeaiee iauaeoa e aianoa n
oai eae nooiaiae aai iiciaiey. Ia yoie iniiaa iaiaoeeinue niaiaaeaiea
oai?ee iiciaiey eae o/aiey i aeeaeaeoeea iiciaaaoaeueiuo ioiioaiee
noauaeoa e iauaeoa n eiaeeie eae oai?eae aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iaoiaea. Ii
eiaiii niaiaaeaiea oiaeaeanoai ii niaea?aeaieth e ?acee/ea ii i?aaeiaoo
e oi?ia. Aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea eco/aao ia iiciaaaoaeueiua ioiioaiey
noauaeoa e iauaeoa, a eiae/aneea (=
aeeaeaeoe/aneea) ioiioaiey iaaeaeo iiiyoeyie, ii yoeie iiiyoeyie
yaeythony i?aaeaea anaai eiae/aneea eaoaai?ee, eioi?ua a oai?ee iiciaiey
?anniao?eaathony eae iauea ii?aaeaeaiey iauaeoa e a naiae
nenoaiaoe/aneie nayce, eae nooiaie iiciaiey, ia?acotho oiaeaeanoaaiiia
niaea?aeaiea aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee e aeeaeaeoe/anee ?ac?aaaouaaaiie
oai?ee iiciaiey. Iaeiaei a oai?ee iiciaiey Aaaaey (Oaiiiaiieiaey aeooa)
e a aai eiaeea (Iaoea eiaeee) oaeia niaiaaeaiea oieueei iaiaoeeinue e a
naieo iaiaoeao aeaii eae niaiaaeaiea eaeaaeenoe/anee ?ac?aaaouaaaiie
eiaeee n eaeaaeenoe/anee ?ac?aaioaiiie oai?eae iiciaiey. Oieueei
eaeaaeenoe/anee iino?iaiiay oai?ey iiciaiey iiaea aeaoue Aaaaeth
aiciiaeiinoue auaiaeeoue a ea/anoaa eiae/aneiai niyoey aiinaieiae/aneie
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe noauaeoa e iauaeoa eaeaaeenoe/aneoth o?eaaeo auoea
iiiyoea iiiyoea) (oo, ec eioi?ie auea auaaaeaia o?eaaea auoea
nouiinoue iiiyoea). Iniiaie aiinaieiae/aneiai ioiioaiey caeanue auea
acyoa ia i?aeoeea, a iiiyoea, e a niioaaonoaee n yoeie oceiauie
eaoaai?eyie auee i?aaenoaaeaiu ia iauaeoeaiay ?aaeueiinoue, niciaiea
(iuoeaiea) e i?aeoeea, a iiiyoea eae nouaa (auoea e nouiinoue) e iiiyoea
eae iiiyoea. ?aaeeciaaoue iao/iui ia?acii eaeath niaiaaeaiey eiaeee eae
oai?ee aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iaoiaea n oai?eae iiciaiey eae o/aieai i
aeeaeaeoeea iiciaaaoaeueiuo ioiioaiee noauaeoa e iauaeoa Aaaaeth ia
oaeaeinue. Oai ia iaiaa, aai iiuo eiaao aieueooth enoi?e/aneoth
oeaiiinoue, oioy au oaea eae ia?aay iiiuoea yoie ?aaeecaoeee.
Oai?ey iiciaiey eae o/aiea i aeeaeaeoeea iiciaaaoaeueiuo ioiioaiee
noauaeoa e iauaeoa e eiaeea eae oai?ey aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iaoiaea iiciaiey
a nenoaia oeeinioee Aaaaey ?anniao?eaathony eae ?aciua iaoee
(oaiiiaiieiaey aeooa e eiaeea). Nianoaaiii, i?iaeaia eo niaiaaeaiey e
aicieeea, iineieueeo iie ?aciua iaoee. Ae?oaia aeaei niioiioaiea
aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee e aeeaeaeoeee eae oai?ee iiciaiey (oai?ee
aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iaoiaea iiciaiey). Caeanue iaee/ii i?yiia,
iaiin?aaenoaaiiia oiaeaeanoai, yoi iaeia e oa aea iaoea.
Aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea eae oai?ey aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iaoiaea anoue
aeeaeaeoeea eae oai?ey iiciaiey eee, /oi iaeii e oi aea, aeeaeaeoeea eae
oai?ey iiciaiey anoue aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea = oai?ey aeeaeaeoe/aneiai
iaoiaea iiciaiey. A yoii niioiioaiee e o Aaaaey e a ia?enecia ?a/ue
eaeao ia iaeiie e oie aea iaoea.
I?iaeaia niaiaaeaiey eiaeee e aeeaeaeoeee yoi ia i?iaeaia
niioiioaiey aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee e aeeaeaeoeee eae oai?ee iiciaiey, a
i?iaeaia niioiioaiey aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee e aeeaeaeoeee eae oai?ee
?acaeoey (o.a. aeeaeaeoeee eae iaoee i anaiaueo caeiiao ?acaeoey
i?e?iaeu, iauanoaa e iuoeaiey). A eiaeea Aaaaey yoa i?iaeaia ?aoaeanue
a aeooa eioa?i?aoaoeee caeiiia iuoeaiey, eco/aaiuo aeeaeaeoe/aneie
eiaeeie, eae caeiiia auoey, a iineaaeieo eae caeiiia iuoeaiey. Au
?acoeueoaoa eiae/aneea i?eioeeiu iiciaiey eaeaaeenoe/anee
iioieiaece?iaaeenue (caeiiu ?acaeoey nenoaiu ciaiey ia?aiineeenue ia
?acaeoea iaoa?eaeueiuo nenoai), a caeiiu ?acaeoey iaoa?eaeueiuo nenoai
eiaeoee?iaaeenue, iiaeaiaeeeenue iiae eaoaai?ee iuneeoaeueiiai,
eiae/aneiai i?ioeanna. Eaeaaeenoe/anee ioiaeaeanoaeyy iuoeaiea n auoeai,
eiaeeo n iioieiaeae (eiaeea = iioieiaey), Aaaaeue aeeaeaeoe/aneoth
eiaeeo ?ac?aaaouaae eae iaoeo, onoaiaaeeaathuoth caeiiu ?acaeoey anao
iaoa?eaeueiuo, i?e?iaeiuo e aeooiaiuo aauae. I?aaeiao aeeaeaeoe/aneie
eiaeee o Aaaaey niaoai e eaeaaeenoe/anee ioiaeaeanoaeai n i?aaeiaoii
aeeaeaeoeee eae iaoee i caeiiao ?acaeoey i?e?iaeu, iauanoaa e iuoeaiey.
Iaeiaei neaaeoao ni anae ?aoeoaeueiinoueth iiae/a?eiooue, /oi
ieeaeie oai?ee aeeaeaeoeee eae iaoee i anaiaueo caeiiao ?acaeoey
i?e?iaeu, iauanoaa e iuoeaiey Aaaaeue ia nicaeaaae e ia nicaeae. Ii
nicaeaaae iaoeo i iuoeaiee, niaeoeyoeaioth eiaeeo, eioi?ay a
niioaaonoaee n i?eioeeiii eaeaaeenoe/aneiai oiaeaeanoaa iuoeaiey e auoey
ioiaeaeanoaeyeanue n iaoeie i caeiiao ?acaeoey anao iaoa?eaeueiuo
i?e?iaeiuo e aeooiaiuo aauae. A nenoaia yoie iaoee caeiiaie anao
iaoa?eaeueiuo, i?e?iaeiuo e aeooiaiuo aauae yaeythony caeiiu naiiai
iuoeaiey. Aaaaeth oaeaeinue oaaaeaoue a aeeaeaeoe/aneeo caeiiiia?iinoyo
iuoeaiey aeeaeaeoe/aneea caeiiu ?acaeoey anao iaoa?eaeueiuo, i?e?iaeiuo
e aeooiaiuo aauae eeoue a oie ia?a e iinoieueeo, a eaeie ia?a e
iineieueeo caeiiu aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iuoeaiey niaiaaeatho ni anaiaueie
caeiiaie auoey. Ii aeey oiai /oiau ociaoue, aaea iaee/ii yoi
niaiaaeaiea, a aaea iii ionoonoaoao, /oi ioiineony e iniaui
caeiiiia?iinoyi ia?aciaaiey e ?acaeoey nenoaiu iao/iiai ciaiey, a /oi
ei anaiauei caeiiiia?iinoyi ia?aciaaiey e ?acaeoey anao nenoai,
iaiaoiaeeii auei ioe?uoea anaiaueo caeiiiia?iinoae ?acaeoey i?e?iaeu e
iauanoaa. O Aaaaey aea ana aeeaeaeoe/aneea caeiiiia?iinoe iuoeaiey
eioa?i?aoe?iaaiu eae caeiiiia?iinoe naiiai auoey (auoea = iuoeaieth).
Eiia/ii, anee i?eaea?aeeaaoueny oi/ee c?aiey, niaeanii eioi?ie
aeeaeaeoeea eae oai?ey ?acaeoey -yoi e anoue aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea, a
aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea yoi e anoue oai?ey ?acaeoey, oiaaea oi?ae
Aaaaeth a ioiaeaeanoaeaiee i?aaeiaoa aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee n
aeeaeaeoeeie eae oai?eae ?acaeoey i?aaenoaaeyaony niaa?oaiii
aaciniiaaoaeueiui. N yoie oi/ee c?aiey, ?aoeeiiaeueiui ca?iii
aaaaeaaneie aeeaeaeoeee anoue noi?ioee?iaaiiua a iae, i?aaaea, ia
eaeaaeenoe/aneie iniiaa, anaiauea caeiiu ?acaeoey. Oi, /oi o/aiea ia
yoeo caeiiao Aaaaeue iacaae eiaeeie, i?aaenoaaeoaee ?anniao?eaaaiie
oi/ee c?aiey ioiinyo e aai niaoeeoe/aneiio iiieiaieth eiaeee. Ia naiii
aeaea yoa eiaeea, ii eo iiaieth, ia eiaao ie/aai iauaai n
aeaenoaeoaeueiie eiaeeie eae iaoeie i oi?iao e caeiiao iuoeaiey. I?e
yoii iau/ii nnueathony ia A.E.Eaieia: aaaeue e Eaiei iiae/a?eeaae, /oi
eiaeea (o.a. aeeaeaeoeea) anoue iaoea ia i aiaoieo oi?iao iuoeaiey, a i
caeiiao ?acaeoey ie?a. Ii iiaeiaiiai ?iaea enoieeiaaiea iuneae
A.E.Eaieia eca?auaao nooue eaieineie iinoaiiaee aii?ina. O A.E.Eaieia
?a/ue eaeao i ?aoeeiiaeueiii niunea aaaaeaaneiai iiieiaiey eiaeee eae
o/aiey ia i aiaoieo oi?iao iuoeaiey, a i niaea?aeaoaeueiuo oi?iao, i
oao, eioi?ua, ii aai iiaieth, yaeythony caeiiaie ?acaeoey anao
iaoa?eaeueiuo, i?e?iaeiuo e aeooiaiuo aauae. A.E.Eaiei caeanue
iiae/a?eeaaao oio aniaeo Aaaaeaaneiai iiieiaiey eiaeee, a eioi?ii caeiiu
iuoeaiey ?anniao?eaathony eae caeiiu ?acaeoey anaai eiie?aoiiai
niaea?aeaiey ie?a e aai iiciaiey, o.a. aniaeo niaiaaeaiey eiaeee n
aeeaeaeoeeie eae oai?eae ?acaeoey. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, e?oiiaeoae caneoaie
Aaaaey yaeyaony oi, /oi, ?anniao?eaay caeiiu aeeaeaeoeee iuoeaiey eae
anaiauea caeiiu ?acaeoey anaai nouaai, ii ia yoie eaeaaeenoe/aneie
iniiaa iinoaaee aii?in i niaiaaeaiee aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee n
aeeaeaeoeeie eae oai?eae ?acaeoey. Iaeiaei oieueei iinoaaee, eai
aaeeinoaaiiuie caeiiaie ?acaeoey ii n/eoae caeiiu iuoeaiey. Oeacuaay ia
ecaanoiua o?e caeiia aeeaeaeoeee, Yiaaeuen ienae: Ana yoe o?e caeiia
auee ?acaeou Aaaaeai ia aai eaeaaeenoe/aneee iaia? eeoue eae caeiiu
iuoeaiey?Ioeaea caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi caeiiu yoe ii ia auaiaeeo ec
i?e?iaeu e enoi?ee, a iaaycuaaao iineaaeiei nauoa eae caeiiu iuoeaiey.
Ionthaea e auoaeaao any auio/aiiay e /anoi oaeaniay eiino?oeoeey: ie?
oi/ao ii oiai eee iao aeieaeai niia?aciaaoueny n eiae/aneie nenoaiie,
eioi?ay naia yaeyaony eeoue i?iaeoeoii ii?aaeaeaiiie nooiaie ?acaeoey
/aeiaa/aneiai iuoeaiey.
N oi/ee c?aiey eiioeaioeee, ooaa?aeaeathuae, /oi aeeaeaeoeea eae
oai?ey ?acaeoey e anoue aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea, i?ioeann
iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie ia?a?aaioee eaeaaeenoe/aneie aeeaeaeoeee Aaaaey
auaeyaeeo i/aiue i?inoi noieei iinoaaeoue aa n aieiau ia iiae,
iaoa?eaeenoe/anee ia?aaa?iooue, e ana noaei ia naie ianoa:
noi?ioee?iaaiiua Aaaaeai caeiiu ?acaeoey Aaniethoiie eaeae i?aa?aoeeenue
a caeiiu ?acaeoey iaoa?ee, eaeaaeenoe/aneay aeeaeaeoeea i?aa?aoeeanue a
iaoa?eaeenoe/aneoth. Iaeiaei oio, eoi i?aaenoaaeyao naaa aeaei oaeei
ia?acii, aeoaiei ioeaaaony. Eiaaea Ia?en ienae i iaoa?eaeenoe/aneii
ia?aai?a/eaaiee eaeaaeenoe/aneie aeeaeaeoeee Aaaaey, ii eiae a aeaeo,
/oi oieueei yoei iooai iiaeii ane?uoue iiae ienoe/aneie iaiei/eie
i?enouaa ae ?aoeeiiaeueiia ca?ii. Ii yoi ?aoeeiiaeueiia ca?ii aua ia
anoue iaoa?eaeenoe/aneay aeeaeaeoeea. Ei yaeythony noi?ioee?iaaiiua
Aaaaeai aeeaeaeoe/aneea i?eioeeiu iuoeaiey e aaieaeueii oaaaeaiiay a
aeeaeaeoeea iiiyoee aeeaeaeoeea aauae. E aeey oiai /oiau onoaiiaeoue,
/oi a eiaeea Aaaaey ioiineony e iniaui oi?iai iaia?oaeaiey caeiiia
aeeaeaeoeee a i?ioeanna iiciaiey (i?eioeeiu iino?iaiey nenoaiu
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai ciaiey), a /oi ei anaiauei oi?iai eo iaia?oaeaiey a
?acaeoee anao nenoai, /oi yaeyaony aeaenoaeoaeueii anaiauei, a /oi
eaeaaeenoe/aneie eioa?i?aoaoeeae iniaiai eae anaiauaai e anaiauaai eae
iniaiai aeey anaai yoiai iaiaoiaeeii auei aueoe ca noa?o naiiai
iuoeaiey e caiyoueny eco/aieai iinoeaaaiie a iuoeaiee
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe: i?e?iaeu e iauanoaaiiie aeecie. Aaaaeue ieacae
aeeyiea ia E.Ia?ena e O.Yiaaeuena i?aaeaea anaai a ieaia onaiaiey eie
aeeaeaeoe/aneiai niiniaa iuoeaiey, aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iiaeoiaea e
eco/aieth e iauyniaieth aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, ii ia?enenoneay aeeaeaeoeea
eae iaoea i caeiiao ?acaeoey i?e?iaeu, iauanoaa e iuoeaiey auoea ia ec
eiia aaaaeaaneie aeeaeaeoeee, iia yaeeanue ?acoeueoaoii i?eiaiaiey
aeeaeaeoe/aneiai niiniaa iuoeaiey e eco/aieth iauanoaaiiie aeecie e
iaiauaieth aeinoeaeaiee anoanoaiciaiey. *oiau nicaeaoue aeeaeaeoeeo eae
iaoeo, ioaeii auei iao/ii ioe?uoue eeoue oaaaeaiioth Aaaaeai aeeaeaeoeeo
aauae e caoai oaea, ia yoie iniiaa (ia iniiaa ciaiey iauaeoeaiuo
aeeaeaeoe/aneeo caeiiia ?acaeoey i?e?iaeu, iauanoaa e /aeiaa/aneiai
iuoeaiey) i?iecaanoe iaoa?eaeenoe/aneoth ia?a?aaioeo eaeaaeenoe/aneie
aeeaeaeoeee Aaaaey a nenoaio iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie aeeaeaeoeee eae oai?ee
?acaeoey e eae oai?ee iiciaiey.
Iaiaoiaeeiie i?aaeiinueeie nicaeaiey nenoaiu eiaeee, niaiaaeathuae
n aeeaeaeoeeie eae oai?eae ?acaeoey, auei i?aiaeieaiea aaaaeaaneiai
eaeaaeenoe/aneiai ioiaeaeanoaeaiey aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee n iioieiaeae,
?an/eaiaiea i?aaeiaoa aeeaeaeoeee eae oai?ee ?acaeoey e aeeaeaeoe/aneie
eiaeee (aeeaeaeoeee eae oai?ee iiciaiey), nicaeaiea aeeaeaeoeee eae
iaoee i anaiaueo caeiiao ?acaeoey i?e?iaeu, iauanoaa e iuoeaiey.
Niaiaaeaiea aeeaeaeoeee, eiaeee e oai?ee iiciaiey anoue ia
aano?aeoiia oiaeaeanoai iaeiiai e oiai aea, a aeeaeaeoe/aneia aaeeinoai
?aciuo ii i?aaeiaoo eco/aiey, ii oiaeaeanoaaiiuo a ii?aaeaeaiiuo
aniaeoao ii naiaio niaea?aeaieth, aaiaoe/anee naycaiiuo iaaeaeo niaie
io?aneae oeeinioneiai ciaiey. Oiaeaeanoai aeeaeaeoeee, eiaeee e oai?ee
iiciaiey anoue oiaeaeanoai aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee e aeeaeaeoeee eae
oai?ee iiciaiey. Aeeaeaeoeea eae eiaeea e anoue oai?ey iiciaiey, ii yoa
oai?ey iiciaiey iaoiaeeony a ioiioaiee eeoue niaiaaeaiey n oai?eae
iiciaiey eae o/aieai i aeeaeaeoeea iiciaaaoaeueiiai ioiioaiey noauaeoa e
iauaeoa. Eiaiii e oaeiio auaiaeo i?eaiaeeo ?anniio?aiea aaaaeaaneiai
iiuoa ?ac?aaioee aeeaeaeoeee eae oeeinioneie iaoee. (A.E.Oeiea?oe,
1964).
Eaiei i aaeeinoaa aeeaeaeoeee, eiaeee e oai?ee iiciaiey
A naieo o?oaeao A.E.Eaiei, aneaae ca Ia?enii e Yiaaeuenii, anaaaea
oaeaeye aieueoia aieiaiea aii?ino i aaeeinoaa aeeaeaeoeee, eiaeee e
oai?ee iiciaiey iaoa?eaeecia. Yoi auei naycaii n oai oeaio?aeueiui,
no?aaeiaaui iieiaeaieai, eioi?ia caieiaao yoa i?iaeaia a ia?enenoneie
oeeinioee.
Oa?aeoa?ecoy ia?eneci e aai iao/iue iaoiae, aai oeeinioeth, Eaiei
i?yii iiae/a?eeaae, /oi nooue aeaea caeeth/aaony a i?eciaiee , /oi
aeeaeaeoeea e anoue oai?ey iiciaiey ia?enecia. Eaiei iieacuaae, /oi a
iniiaiii i?iecaaaeaiee ia?enecia Eaieoaea Ia?ena i?eiaiaia a iaeiie
iaoea (iieeoe/aneie yeiiiiee) eiaeea, aeeaeaeoeea e oai?ey iiciaiey
iaoa?eaeecia a eo aaeeinoaa, a eo oiaeaeanoaa.
Naiia iiiyoea aeeaeaeoe/aneee iaoa?eaeeci, oae aea eae e iiiyoea
iaoa?eaeenoe/aneay aeeaeaeoeea e ia?enenoneay aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea,
i?aaeiieaaaao aaeeinoai e ia?acaeaeeiinoue aeeaeaeoeee, eiaeee e
iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie oai?ee iiciaiey. A naiii aeaea, a aeeaeaeoe/aneii
iaoa?eaeecia, a cia/eo, e a iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie aeeaeaeoeea ana aii?inu
oeeinioneiai iaoa?eaeecia, iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie oai?ee iiciaiey noaiiayony
e ?aoathony n iiiiuueth iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai i?eiaiaiey aeeaeaeoe/aneiai
iaoiaea, a ana aii?inu aeeaeaeoeee e eiaeee enoiaey ec oeeinioneeo
iinueie iaoa?eaeecia.
I?eiaiaiea aeeaeaeoeee a enneaaeiaaiee i?ioeanna io?aaeaiey e
i?ioeanna ?acaeoey iiciaiey ninoaaeyao nouanoai ia?enenonei-eaieineie
oai?ee io?aaeaiey e aianoa n oai ia?enenoneie aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee.
Iaaiciiaeii enneaaeiaaiea e i?aaeeueiia inaauaiea eaeiai-eeai aii?ina
ia?enenoneie oeeinioee, anee ia enoiaeeoue ec aaeeinoaa aeeaeaeoeee,
eiaeee e oai?ee iiciaiey iaoa?eaeecia. Yoi icia/aei au, iai?eia?,
?anniio?aiea aii?ina aeeaeaeoeee aia iaoa?eaeecia, o.a. ia n iiceoeee
iaoa?eaeecia, e oiaaea ia iiaei auoue e ?a/e i
aeeaeaeoeei-iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie iinoaiiaea aii?ina; oi/ii oae aea yoi
icia/aei au ?anniio?aiea aii?inia iaoa?eaeecia aia aeeaeaeoeee, o.a. ia
n iiceoeee iaoa?eaeecia, e oiaaea ia iiaei au auoue e ?a/e i
aeeaeaeoeei-iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie, o.a. ia?enenoneie iinoaiiaea aii?ina;
oi/ii oaeaea yoi icia/aei au ?anniio?aiea aii?inia iaoa?eaeecia aia
aeeaeaeoeee, o.a. ia n iiceoeee i?eiaiaiey aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iaoiaea, e
oiaaea iiyoue-oaee ia iiaei? au auoue e ?a/e i
aeeaeaeoeei-iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie, o.a. ia?enenoneie iinoaiiaea aii?ina;
iaeiiaoe, yoi icia/aei au ?anniio?aiea aii?inia eiaeee aia aeeaeaeoeee e
aia iaoa?eaeecia, eae yoi aeaeaea o?aaeeoeeiiiay (eaioianeay)
oi?iaeueiay eiaeea, e oiaaea yoi oaeaea auea au ia
aeeaeaeoeei-iaoa?eaeenoe/aneay, o.a. ia ia?enenoneay iinoaiiaea aii?ina.
Aaeeinoai aeeaeaeoeee, oai?ee iiciaiey e eiaeee e icia/aao, /oi a
ia?enenoneie oeeinioee ethaie aii?in, ia/eiay n iniiaiiai aii?ina
oeeinioee e eii/ay noaoai niaoeeaeueiuie iaoiaeieiae/aneeie,
aiinaieiae/aneeie e eiae/aneeie, aeieaeai inaauaoueny enoiaey ec
iaeiia?aiaiiiai o/aoa o?aaiaaiee e aeeaeaeoeee, e iaoa?eaeecia e eiaeee;
i?e yoii iaaeiionoeii ie a eiai neo/aa ia?aie/eaaoueny ?aieaie eeoue
iaeiie ec ia?a/eneaiiuo o?ao noi?ii. Ethaua aii?inu, iai?eia?, aii?in ia
enoeia, i aaeeinoaa ie?a, i iaoa?ee e oi?iao aa nouanoaiaaiey, i caeiiao
i?e?iaeu, i oeeinioneeo eaoaai?eyo, oaeeo eae neo/aeiinoue e
iaiaoiaeeiinoue, nouiinoue e yaeaiea, oi?ia e niaea?aeaiea, i i?eaiao e
niiniaao iao/iiai enneaaeiaaiey (aiaeec e neioac, eiaeoeoeey e
aeaaeoeoeey e o.ae.), ia iiaoo ia oieueei ?aoaoueny, ii aeaaea
noaaeoueny a ?aieao eneeth/eoaeueii iaeiiai iaoiaea (aeeaeaeoeee), eee
iaeiie oai?ee iiciaiey (iaoa?eaeecia), eee aea iaeiie eiaeee. Ana
oai?aoe/aneea i?iaeaiu noaayony e ?aoathony a ia?enenoneie oeeinioee
enoiaey ec o/aoa, ai-ia?auo, oiai, /oi iaoa niciaiea io?aaeaao
iacaaeneii io iaai nouanoaothuee aiaoiee ie? a oi?ia iao/iuo iiiyoee,
eaoaai?ee, aeiioac, oai?ee, nenoai, eaeae, o/aiee e o.ae. (yoi enoiaeiay
iinueea ia?enenoneiai oeeinioneiai iaoa?eaeecia),e, ai-aoi?uo, oiai, /oi
eae nai aiaoiee ie?, oae e aai iuneaiiua ia?acu, o.a. aai io?aaeaiea a
iaoai niciaiee, iaoiaeyony a aani?anoaiiii aeaeaeaiee, eciaiaiee,
?acaeoee (yoi enoiaeiay iinueea ia?enenoneie aeeaeaeoeee).
Niioaaonoaaiii yoiio e naie oi?iu iaoaai iuoeaiey (iiiyoea, noaeaeaiey,
oiicaeeth/aiey), a eioi?uo io?aaeaaony aia ian nouanoaothuee ie?,
iaoiaeyony a eciaiaiee e ?acaeoee, ia?aoiaeyo e i?aa?auathony ae?oa a
ae?oaa a oiaea enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey iaoee e anaai /aeiaa/aneiai
iiciaiey, aoaeo/e acaeiinaycaiu iaaeaeo niaie (yoi enoiaeiay iinueea
ia?enenoneie aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeee).
Ei?i/a aiai?y, i?eciaoue aaeeinoai, eiaeee e oai?ee iiciaiey
iaoa?eaeecia cia/eo i?eciaoue, /oi aeey ia?enenoa iaaeiionoeii aeaaea
iuoaoueny noaaeoue eaeea-eeai oeeinioneea aii?inu eeai eae /enoi
aiinaieiae/aneea, ioaeaeaynue iieiinoueth io aii?inia iaoiaea iiciaiey
(io aeeaeaeoeee), eeai eae /enoi eiae/aneea, ioaeaeaynue iieiinoueth e
io oai?ee iiciaiey iaoa?eaeecia e io aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iaoiaea, eae yoi
aeiioneaaony a eeanne/aneie oi?iaeueiie eiaeea.
Ii aaeeinoai aeeaeaeoeee, eiaeee e oai?ee iiciaiey eiaao a
ia?enecia aua e oio niune, /oi iineaaeiaaoaeueiia i?iaaaeaiea
iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie eiioeaioeee iaiaoiaeeii i?eaiaeeo eiae/anee e
i?eciaieth aeeaeaeoe/aneiai acaeyaea ia ie?, iineaaeiaaoaeueiia
i?iaaaeaiea i?eioeeiia aeeaeaeoeee e i?eioeeiia iaoa?eaeecia i?eaiaeeo n
iaecaaaeiinoueth e aeeaeaeoe/aneiio iaoa?eaeecio, e iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie
aeeaeaeoeea e aianoa n oai e ia?enenoneie aeeaeaeoe/aneie eiaeea.
Iieiaeaiea i aaeeinoaa aeeaeaeoeee, eiaeee e oai?ee iiciaiey a
ea/anoaa iniaiai oai?aoe/aneiai aii?ina Eaiei ?ac?aaaouaae a naieo
oeeinioneeo i?iecaaaeaieyo. Ii ii ?ac?aaaouaae yoi iieiaeaiea e oai,
/oi, neaaeoy eeanne/aneiio ia?aco, aeaiiiio Ia?enii a Eaieoaea, i?eiaiye
aeeaeaeoe/aneee iaoiae, iaoa?eaeenoe/aneoth oai?eth iiciaiey e
aeeaeaeoe/aneoth eiaeeo a eo aaeeinoaa a naieo enoi?e/aneeo,
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneeo e yeiiiie/aneeo enneaaeiaaieyo. Caeanue a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue neaaeoao iacaaoue o?oaeu Eaieia *oi oaeia ae?ocuey
ia?iaea?, ?acaeoea eaieoaeecia a ?innee, *oi aeaeaoue?, Aeaa oaeoeee? e
iiiaea ae?oaea. Ai anao yoeo o?oaeao aeeaeaeoeea i?eiaiyaony e
eiie?aoiiio aiaeeco eiie?aoiuo i?iaeai ?aaiethoeeiiiiai aeaeaeaiey e
iauanoaaiiuo iaoe, i?e/ai i?eiaiyaony e eiie?aoiiio aiaeeco eiie?aoiuo
i?iaeai ?aaiethoeeiiiiai aeaeaeaiey e iauanoaaiiuo iaoe, i?e/ai
i?eiaiyaony a aa ia?acaeaeaiiii aaeeinoaa n eiaeeie ia?eneci e
iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie oai?eae iiciaiey. Ii oai?/aneia i?eiaiaiea oiai eee
eiiai iieiaeaiey eee i?eioeeia ia?enenoneiai o/aiey, a oii /enea e
ia?enenoneie oeeinioee, e aiaeeco e ?aoaieth eiie?aoiuo caaea/ iaoee e
iauanoaaiiie aeecie anoue aianoa n oai e aai ?acaeoea, aeaeaeaiea
aia?aae, iaiaauaiea iiaui eiie?aoiui iaoa?eaeii. Iacaaiiua o?oaeu Eaieia
neoaeao i?eia?ii oaeiai ?acaeoey e eiie?aoecaoeee iieiaeaiey i aaeeinoaa
aeeaeaeoeee, eiaeee e oai?ee iiciaiey.
Niaoeeaeueii ia yoii iieiaeaiee, a ea/anoaa i?aaeiaoa
enneaaeiaaiey, Eaiei inoaiaaeeaaaony oaea a Iaoa?eaeecia e
yiie?eie?eoeoeecia (1908). Caeanue ii iiae/a?eeaaao, /oi iaeiei ec
iniiaiuo auaiaeia ec aiaeeca i?ioeanna iiciaiey yaeyaony i?eciaiea, /oi
a oai?ee iiciaiey, eae e anthaeo, iaaei ?annoaeaeaoue aeeaeaeoe/anee,
o.a. ia i?aaeiieaaaoue iaoa ciaiea aioiaui, iaeciaiiui, a auynieoue eae
iii ?acaeaaaony.
A Iaoa?eaeecia e yiie?eie?eoeoeecia i?eciaiea ia?acaeaeueiinoe
aeeaeaeoeee e oai?ee iiciaiey iaoa?eaeecia iaoei naia io?aaeaiea a
iinoaiiaea e aiaeeca anao aac eneeth/aiey oeeinioneeo i?iaeai,
?acae?aaiuo Eaieiui a aai eieaa. A /anoiinoe, a iae eiaiii n yoeo
iiceoeee ?anniio?aiu: aii?in ia enoeia (n iiae/a?eeaaieai aeaoo aai
noi?ii, eanathueony a) iauaeoeaiiai oa?aeoa?a enoeiu e a) aeinoeaeaiey
iiciaiey e aaniethoiie enoeia /a?ac aaneiia/iue ?yae enoei
ioiineoaeueiuo); aii?in i ?iee i?aeoeee e oai?ee iiciaiey eae e?eoa?ey
enoeiu; aii?in i iaoa?ee e aa niioiioaiee n aeaeaeaieai (eae niinia aa
nouanoaiaaiey) e n I?ino?ainoaii e a?aiaiai (eae iniiaiuie oi?iaie
anyeiai auoey); aii?in ia iuouaieyo eae noauaeoeaiii ia?acoea
iauaeoeaiiai ie?a e eo niioiioaiee n aano?aeoii-oai?aoe/aneei iiciaieai
e iiiaea ae?oaea aii?inu.
Ciaiaiaoaeueii oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi A.E.Eaiei ieaaea a naiae
eieaa ia ioaeaeyao aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iiaeoiaea e ?acae?aaiui oeeinioneei
aii?inai io eo iaoa?eaeenoe/aneiai oieeiaaiey. Noaay a oiaea e?eoeee
iaoecia /enoi aiinaieiae/aneea aii?inu.
Iacaaiey ia?auo o?ao aeaa eaieineie eieae io?aaeatho caeeth/aiioth
a ieo ia?acaeaeueiinoue aeeaeaeoeee e iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie oai?ee
iiciaiey: a eo iacaaieyo oai?ee iiciaiey yiie?eie?eoeoeecia
i?ioeaiiinoaaeaia oai?ey iiciaiey ia i?inoi iaoa?eaeecia, a
aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iaoa?eaeecia. Oai naiui aaeeinoai aeeaeaeoeee e
iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie oai?ee iiciaiey iaoei naia au?aaeaiea aeaaea a
caaeaaeyo iniiaiuo /anoae eaieineie eieae. Iicaeiaa a noaouea O?e
enoi/ieea e o?e iniiaiuo /anoe ia?enecia (1913) Eaiei, ii?aaeaeyy
aeeaeaeoeeo eae o/aiea i ?acaeoee a iaeaieaa iieiii, aeoaieii e
naiaiaeiii io iaeiinoi?iiiinoe aeaea, o?aeoiaae aa iaeiia?aiaiii e eae
o/aiea ia ioiineoaeueiinoe /aeiaa/aneiai ciaiey, aeathuaai iai
io?aaeaiea aa/ii ?acaeaathuaeny iaoa?ee.oai naiui aeeaeaeoeea
ii?aaeaeaia Eaieiui eae aeeth/athuay a naay e oai?eth iiciaiey
eiia?eaeecia.
Ianeieueei iicaea a noaouea Ea?e Ia?en (1914) Eaiei aeae ecaanoioth
oi?ioee?iaeo aaeeinoaa aeeaeaeoeee e oai?ee iiciaiey, eae aeeth/aiea
aoi?ie a ia?aoth. Caeanue Eaiei oaea i?yii oi?ioee?oao iieiaeaiea i
aaeeinoaa aeeaeaeoeee e oiai, /oi iacuaatho oai?eae iiciaiey,
aiinaieiaeae, iineieueeo yoa iineaaeiyy aoiaeeo a aeeaeaeoeeo e
iiaeiuaaony ath. Eaiei oeacuaaao, /oi oaeiaa iiceoeey Ia?ena, a oaeaea e
Aaaaey.
A iaa?inea Ieai aeeaeaeoeee (eiaeee) Aaaaey Eaiei ?anoe?ee oi?ioeo
i aaeeinoaa aeeaeaeoeee e oai?ee iiciaiey iaoa?eaeecia, i?eniaaeeiea
nthaea aeeaeaeoe/aneoth eiaeeo. Eiaiii caeanue neacaii, /oi ia iaaei
oiio?aaeyoue o?ao ?acee/iuo neia, /oiau au?aceoue oi, /oi aeeaaeuaaaony
ia?eneciii a iiiyoea aeeaeaeoeee, eiaeee e oai?ee iiciaiey, iineieueeo
yoi iaeii e oi aea. Eia/a aiai?y, Eaiei ioaa?a i?aaenoaaeaiea i
aeeaeaeoeea, eiaeea e oai?ee iiciaiey eae i eaeeo-oi o?ao
naiinoiyoaeueiuo ?acaeaeueii nouanoaothueo ninoaaiuo /anoyo ia?enenoneie
oeeinioee e iieacae, /oi iie eeoue ?acee/iua noi?iiu aaeeiiai
oeeinioneiai o/aiey ia?enecia, a eioi?ii iie ana ia?ac?uaii naycaiu
iaaeaeo niaie e i?aaie/anee neeou aiaaeeii. (A.I.Eaae?ia, 1963)
Cia/aiea e iieueca eiaeee
Aeey auyniaiey cia/aiey eiaeee iaueiiaaiii i?eiyoi enoiaeeoue ec
ii?aaeaeaiey aa. Iu aeaeei, /oi eiaeea ii?aaeaeyaony eae iaoea i caeiiao
i?aaeeueiiai iuoeaiey. Ec yoiai ii?aaeaeaiey eiaeee, ii-aeaeeiiio,
neaaeoai, /oi noieo eco/eoue caeiiu i?aaeeueiiai iuoeaiey e i?eiaiyoue
eo a i?ioeanna iuoeaiey, /oiau iiaeii auei iuneeoue aiieia i?aaeeueii.
Iiiaei aeaaea eaaeaony, /oi eiaeea iiaeao oeacuaaoue n?aaenoaa aeey
ioe?uoey enoeiu a ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo ciaiey.
Ii a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe yoi iaaa?ii. Eiaeea ia iinoaaeyao naiath
oeaeueth ioe?uoea enoei, a noaaeo naiath oeaeueth aeieacaoaeuenoai oaea
ioe?uouo enoei. Oi?iaeueiay eiaeea ?anniao?eaaao iaoaieciu iieo/aiey
i?aaeeueiinoe auaiaeia. Aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea ?anniao?eaaao i?ioeann
?acaeoey nayce acaeiiia?aoiaea ia?aca iuoeaiey, iauaeoeaiie ?aaeueiinoe
e i?ioeanna iuoeaiey.
A.E.Eaiei a ?aaioa Aua ?ac i i?ionithcao, ienae: ?Eiaeea
oi?iaeueiay, eioi?ie ia?aie/eaathony a oeieao (e aeieaeii
ia?aie/eaaoueny n iii?aaeaie aeey iecoeo eeannia oeieu), aa?ao
oi?iaeueiia ii?aaeaeaiea, ?oeiaiaeynue oai, /oi iaeaieaa iau/ii eee /oi
/aua anaai a?inaaony a aeaca, e ia?aie/eaaaony yoei. Anee i?e yoii
aa?oony aeaa eee aieaa ?acee/iuo ii?aaeaeaiey e niaaeeiythony aianoa
niaa?oaiii neo/aeii (e noaeeyiiue oeeeeiae? e eino?oiaio aeey ieouey),
oi iu iieo/aai yeeaeoe/aneia ii?aaeaeaiea, oeacuaathuaa ia ?aciua
noi?iiu i?aaeiaoa e oieueei.
Eiaeea aeeaeaeoe/aneay o?aaoao oiai, /oiau iu oee aeaeueoa. *oiau
aeaenoaeoaeueii ciaoue i?aaeiao, iaaei ioaaoeoue, eco/eoue ana aai
noi?iiu, ana nayce e iiin?aaeiaaiey. Iu ieeiaaea ia aeinoeaiai yoiai
iieiinoueth, ii o?aaiaaiea ananoi?iiiinoe i?aaeinoa?aaeao ian io ioeaie
e io iia?oaaiey. Yoi ai-1-o. Ai-2-o, aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea o?aaoao,
/oiau a?aoue i?aaeiao a aai ?acaeoee, naiiaeaeaeaiee, eciaiaiee. Ii
ioiioaieth e noaeaio yoi ia n?aco ynii, ii e noaeai ia inoaaony
iaeciaiiui, a a iniaaiiinoe iaiyaony iacia/aiea noaeaia, oiio?aaeaiea
aai, nayce n ie?oaeathuei ie?ii. A-3-o, any /aeiaa/aneay i?aeoeea
aeieaeii aieoe a iieiia ii?aaeaeaiea i?aaeiaoa e eae e?eoa?ee enoeiu e
eae i?aeoe/aneee ii?aaeaeeoaeue nayce i?aaeiaoa n oai, /oi ioaeii
/aeiaaeo. A-4-o, aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea o/eo, /oi aano?aeoiie enoeiu
iao, enoeia anaaaea eiie?aoia? . Eiaeea oeacuaaao i?aaeea, i?e iiiiue
eioi?uo iiaoo auoue ioe?uou ioeaee. Aneaaenoaea yoiai, aeaaiaea?y eiaeea
iiaeii ecaaaeaoue ioeaie. Iiyoiio noaiiaeony iiiyoiui ooaa?aeaeaiea
aiaeeeneiai oeeinioa Ae.-N.Ieeey. /oi iieueca eiaeee aeaaiui ia?acii
io?eoeaoaeueiay. Aa caaea/a caeeth/aaony a oii, /oiau i?aaeinoa?a/ue io
aiciiaeiuo ioeaie. Aneaaenoaea yoiai i?aeoe/aneay aaaeiinoue eiaeee
/?acau/aeii aaeeea. Eiaaea y i?eieiath a niia?aaeaiea, - aiai?eo
Ae.-N.Ieeeue, - eae i?inoa oai?ey oiicaeeth/aiey, eaeiai iaaieueoiai
a?aiaie aeinoaoi/ii aeey i?eia?aoaiey iieiiai ciaiey aa i?eioeeiia e
i?aaee e aeaaea cia/eoaeueiie iiuoiinoe a eo i?eiaiaiee, y ia iaoiaeo
ieeaeiai ecaeiaiey aeey oao, eoi, aeaeay caieiaoueny n oniaoii
eaeei-ieaoaeue oinoaaiiui o?oaeii, oioneaao yoi eco/aiea. Eiaeea anoue
aaeeeee i?aneaaeiaaoaeue oaiiiai e caiooaiiiai iuoeaiey; iia ?annaeaaao
ooiai, ne?uaathuee io ian iaoa iaaaaeanoai e canoaaeythuee ian aeoiaoue,
/oi iu iiieiaai i?aaeiao, a oi a?aiy eiaaea iu aai ia iiieiaai. ss
oaaaeaeai, /oi a nia?aiaiiii ainieoaiee ie/oi ia i?eiineo aieueoa
iieuecu aeey au?aaioee oi/iuo iuneeoaeae, inoathueony aa?iuie niuneo
neia e iieiaeaiee e iaoiaeyueony iinoiyiii ianoi?iaea i?ioea oa?ieiia
iaii?aaeaeaiiuo e aeaoniuneaiiuo eae eiaeea.
Iiiaea /anoi nnueathony ia oae iacuaaaiue cae?aaue niune e aiai?yo:
aea aaaeue ioeaee iiaeii ioe?uaaoue aac iiiiue eiaeee, iin?aaenoaii
eeoue iaeiiai cae?aaiai niunea. Yoi, eiia/ii, ni?aaaaeeeai, ii /anoi
auaaao iaaeinoaoi/ii iaeoe ioeaeo, ioaeii auaaao iauynieoue aa, oiaoue
oi/ii ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue e aeaaea iaicia/eoue aa. Eiie ciaao, /oi a oii
eee ae?oaii oiicaeeth/aiee anoue ioeaea, ii ii ia a ninoiyiee, ii/aio
yoi oiicaeeth/aiea ioaeii n/eoaoue ioeai/iui. Yoi /anoi aiciiaeii
naeaeaoue oieueei aeaaiaea?y ciaieth i?aaee eiaeee.
Eiaeea eiaao oaeaea cia/aiea aeey ii?aaeaeaiey acaeiiiai ioiioaiey
iaaeaeo iaoeaie. ?acee/ea iaaeaeo iaoeaie, iai?eia?, aeieiae/aneeie,
oeie/aneeie, oece/aneeie iiaeao naeaeaoueny yniui oieueei a oii neo/aa,
anee iu ?anniio?ei ?acee/ea iaoiaeia iiciaiey n eiae/aneie oi/ee c?aiey.
(A.E.*aeiaiia, 1994).
Eeoa?aoo?a:
1. Ai?neee Ae.I. Eiaeea. I.: Ain.o/aaii-iaaeaaiae/aneia
ecaeaoaeuenoai
ieienoa?noaa i?inaauaiey ?NON?, 1955
n.10
2. Eaeaa TH.A. Eo?n eaeoeee ii eiaeea. I.: ecaeaoaeuenoai
Iineianeiai
oieaa?neoaoa, 1988. N.16-20.
3. Eaeaa TH.A. Eiaeea: o/aaiee. I.: ecaeaoaeuenoai Iineianeiai
oieaa?neoaoa, 1992. N.8-11.
4. Eaeaa TH.A. Eiaeea. I.: Iaoea, 1994. n.32-35.
5. Eeueaieia Y.A. Aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea. I/a?ee enoi?ee e oai?ee.
I.: Iieeoecaeao, 1974. N.7-11.
6. Eaae?ia A.I. Aaeeinoai aeeaeaeoeee, eiaeee e oai?ee iiciaiey.
I.:
Ain. ecaeaoaeuenoai iieeoe/aneie
eeoa?aoo?u, 1963 n.4-11.
7. Eaiei A.E. Iieiia nia?aiea ni/eiaiee, ecaeaiea iyoia. o.42 n.289
290.
8. *aeiaiia A.E. O/aaiee eiaeee. I.: Ecaeaoaeueneay a?oiia
I?ia?ann,
n.3-8.
9. Oeiea?oe A.E. Eiaeea, aeeaeaeoeea e oai?ey iiciaiey Aaaaey .
Eeaa:
ecaeaoaeuenoai Eeaaneia
oieaa?neoaoa, 1964. N. 289 293.
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